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BRIEF HISTORY OF WEAPONS-

Explore the history of war and weapons with our timeline of weapons technology.

Please note, many of the technologies are difficult to attribute, and historical dates are often approximate.

400,000 BC

The earliest evidence of humans using spears, in a part of Germany now near Schöningen (Nature, DOI: 10.1038/385807a0).

However, one population of modern chimpanzees in Senegal uses spears to hunt bushbabies, suggesting the technology may have been used by our most primitive ancestors.

40,000 to 25,000 BC

The atlatl, sometimes dubbed the Stone Age Kalashnikov, throws a flexible dart that can kill a deer at 40 metres. Developed in northern Africa, it spreads throughout the world, being later replaced by the bow and arrow.

23,000 BC

Boomerangs are strongly associated with Australia's Aboriginal people, but were actually used as hunting weapons throughout Europe and Africa. Most boomerangs do not come back when thrown.

The oldest boomerang yet, 23,000 years, was made from a mammoth tusk and discovered in a cave in Poland (Nature, DOI: 10.1038/329436a0).

20,000 BC

The earliest arrowheads date from this time, suggesting that bows and arrows were in use.

Some believe they were invented much earlier, pointing to a single 60,000-year-old stone that may or may not be an arrowhead.

A thorough analysis of projectile points from archaeological digs around the world suggests that projectile weapons were not in widespread use before 50,000 years ago (Journal of Archaeological Science, DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.015).

5300 BC

Horses are first domesticated, on the steppes of Kazakhstan.

As well as revolutionising transport in general, horses are instrumental in the history of warfare. Only in the 20th century, with the appearance of rapid-fire weapons such as machine guns, do armies turn away from a reliance on horses.

5000 BC

The Bronze Age enables the development of the first metal daggers, and later swords.

By 1000 BC, swords are intertwined with Celtic mythology and ritual in Britain, reflecting their importance in society. Perhaps echoed by the Excalibur myth, swords are ceremonially placed in rivers, possibly as offerings to gods (see The swords that had to die).

500 BC

The traction trebuchet is thought to have been developed in China around this time. Powered by teams of about a dozen people, it could sling balls of rock as far as 125 metres. Around the same time, the ancient Greeks develop their own siege weapon, the ballista, a kind of scaled-up crossbow.

The traction trebuchet was long considered to be folklore, until a working model was built in 1991 and shown to be effective. It was eventually replaced by the counterweight trebuchet, which is driven by a falling weight rather than manpower, in the Middle Ages.

800 to 1300 AD

Gunpowder is invented in China. This leads rapidly to a primitive firearm, the "fire lance", the first rocket, known as the "fire arrow", and primitive bombs under the Song Dynasty (960 to 1279) – new technology partly driven by aggressive neighbours like the Jin Dynasty to the north.

1200 to 1600

The Golden Age of Islam (600 to 1600 AD) rescues the advances of classical civilisations after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Firearms technology develops rapidly and Egyptian soldiers are the first to use hand cannons and other small arms at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.

However, Islamic science declines from the 17th century onwards.

1415

The Battle of Agincourt marks the zenith of mediaeval longbow technology. An English army with a high proportion of archers decimates a French army five to 10 times larger.

See The longbow's deadly secrets

1368 to 1644

China's Ming Dynasty drives firearms technology forwards. Developments include the matchlock, which eliminates the need to fire a gun with a hand-held match; the musket; and the naval mine. The dynasty's new technologies are eventually collected in the Huolongjing: a treatise on warfare by Jiao Yu and Liu Ji.

1750 to 1800s

Rockets become a permanent fixture on the battlefield, having gone in and out of fashion over the centuries

Indian Sultan Fateh Ali Tippu successfully deploys rocket artillery against the British, leading inventor Sir William Congreve to develop his own version, the Congreve rocket.

1775

The first submarine used in battle, Turtle, is created by American David Bushnell. The technology remains crude and unsafe for many decades, though several subs are used in the American Civil War (1861 to 1865).

1803

The British army begins using shrapnel shells (invented earlier by the Chinese), named for their inventor Henry Shrapnel. They contain a large number of bullets released at high velocities on detonation. They are eventually replaced by high-explosive shells during the first world war.

1836

American inventor Samuel Colt patents a "revolving gun", which improves on several previous designs. Soon renamed the revolver, it is faster to reload than any other firearm, and remains popular today.

1851 to 1861

The first machine guns appear. The Belgian army's multiple-barrelledmitrailleuse is soon followed by the Gatling gun – the first gun that can be continuously fired.

1862

The USS Monitor, the first iron-clad warship, launches from New York.